Journal of Drug Discovery and Health Sciences
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Evaluation of Antidiabetic Efficacy Herbal Ethanolic Extracts inAlloxan-Induced Diabetes Rats
Diabetes is traditionally treated with the huge climber plant Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. The evaluated of antidiabetic effect of Bauhinia vahlii ethanolic extracts leaves and stem at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg using an experimental model by alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats. The acute toxicity tests revealed that the extracts were not harmful, as there were no deaths at the dosages 2000 mg/kg. The groups were divided into herbal extracts doses, standard drug Glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg, diabetic control group, and normal control group. Blood sugar concentrations were regular monitor and measured for 21st days, and the levels of glucose in the blood after fasting were measured on days 0, 7, 14, and 21st in each of the animal groups. The remarkable antidiabetic effects significant (????<0.001) at dose of 400 mg/kg of Bauhinia vahlii leaves extract comparable to glibenclamide diabetes control. This beneficial effect is probably due to the existence of flavonoids and phenolic substances, which might enhance the release of insulin.
Bauhinia vahlii, Antidiabetic activity and Alloxan induced diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Drug Discovery and Health Sciences
To study the phytochemical constituent of Murraya koenigii leaves
Introduction: Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) is a widely used medicinal plant known for its traditional applications in treating various ailments due to its rich phytochemical composition. Understanding the qualitative and quantitative presence of its bioactive compounds can provide scientific validation for its ethnomedicinal use. Aim: The present study aimed to perform a comprehensive phytochemical investigation of Murraya koenigii leaves to identify and quantify the major secondary metabolites responsible for its pharmacological activities. Materials and Methods: Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted using standard chemical tests to detect the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenolics, terpenoids, and steroids. Quantitative analysis involved spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods to estimate the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and Total Alkaloid Content. Results: Qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of all tested phytoconstituents, with distinctive color changes and precipitate formation supporting their identification. Quantitatively, TPC was found to be as high as 133.59 mg GAE/g dry weight (DW), indicating potent antioxidant potential. TFC was reported at 1.24% (w/w), reflecting significant flavonoid concentration, and Total Alkaloid Content was measured at 23.73%, suggesting strong pharmacological activity. Conclusion: The study confirms that Murraya koenigii leaves are a rich source of diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. These findings scientifically validate the plant’s traditional therapeutic use and highlight its potential for future development of herbal formulations or pharmaceutical applications. Further studies focusing on the isolation and characterization of individual compounds are warranted to explore their specific mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy.
Analytical methods, Antioxidants, Anti-inflammatory, Extraction method, Flavonoids, Antidiabetic, etc.
Ethical and Regulatory Consideration of Dynamic Receptor inPharmacology
The foundation of contemporary pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the relationship between medications and cellular receptors, or receptor pharmacology. In order to guide responsible research and application, ethical and regulatory considerations have grown in importance as scientific discoveries reveal complex receptor processes and new therapeutic targets. A significant addition to the recent studies explores the fundamental frameworks governing translational pharmacology and receptor-based drug development. The ethical paradigms pertaining to receptor research are thoroughly focussed on data integrity, animal welfare, informed consent, and clinical trial transparency. The ethical quandaries that frequently emerge when novel receptor targets include central nervous system receptors, genetic alterations, or customized medical techniques are brought to light. In accordance with international ethical standards, preclinical receptor studies employing animal models concentrate particular emphasis on the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement). The chapter examines regional and global regulatory frameworks that govern the development of receptor-targeted drugs, such as those established by the FDA, EMA, ICH, and CDSCO. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good Clinical Practices (GCP), and the changing regulatory environment surrounding biosimilars, monoclonal antibodies, and receptor-based gene treatments are all highlighted. This chapter provides young researchers and students with the necessary information to successfully negotiate the moral and legal terrain of receptor pharmacology, bridging the gap between theoretical pharmacology and regulatory compliance. This work encourages a culture of responsible innovation and generates safe, efficient, and socially responsible medicinal discoveries by fusing ethical reasoning with regulatory requirements.
Pharmacotherapeutics, Receptor based delivery, Reverse Pharmacology, Biosimilars, Monoclonal antibodies, etc.
Bioprinting and Organ-on-a-Chip Models: A Revolution in Preclinical Drug Testing
Preclinical drug development currently relies heavily on animal models and simplistic two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, which often fail to predict human physiological responses, leading to high attrition rates in clinical trials. This review explores the transformative potential of advanced in vitro models, specifically 3D bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technologies, to bridge the gap between bench research and clinical application. Bioprinting enables the fabrication of complex, multi-cellular tissue constructs with precise architectural control, mimicking native tissue organization. Organ-on-a-chip platforms utilize microfluidics to recapitulate the dynamic mechanical and biochemical microenvironments essential for organ function. Literature analysis reveals that these technologies significantly enhance the physiological relevance of preclinical screening for drug efficacy and toxicity. Bioprinted tumor models offer superior platforms for anticancer drug testing, while OoC systems excel in modeling pharmacokinetic profiles (ADME) and complex organ-level pathologies. The integration of patient-derived cells with these platforms further enables personalized medicine approaches. While challenges such as vascularization, scalability, and regulatory standardization persist, the convergence of bioprinting and OoC technology promises to drastically reduce reliance on animal testing, lower drug development costs, and improve clinical trial success rates.
Engineering the Islet: A Renaissance in 3D Bioprinting for Beta Cell Regeneration
Diabetes is driven by the impairment or destruction of the pancreas' insulin-producing beta cells a significant global health burden. That burden is primarily due to the limitations of our current treatments: mainly insulin therapy and transplanting pancreatic islets. Those options are restricted by factors like donor shortages, the risk of the immune system rejecting the transplant and the fact they don't fully restore the body's natural glucose-regulating mechanisms. As a result, researchers are turning to three-dimensional bioprinting technology to generate those beta cells from scratch. This review looks at the building blocks of 3D bioprinting, the materials and techniques being used to create pancreatic beta cells—and where we stand on that research. We also examine the potential for those engineered beta cells to be used in future treatments for diabetes. We discuss the ongoing challenges and the research needed to overcome them. The key to that will be collaboration across disciplines. By combining advanced bioprinting methods with regenerative medicine, we may be able to fundamentally change how we treat diabetes mellitus.
3-D bioprinting, bioink, islet of pancreas, Type-1 Diabetes (T1D), Type-2 Diabetes (T2D), tissue regeneration, engineered beta cell
Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Indigoferaaspalathoides extract-loaded silver nanogel for wound healingapplications: A QBD-based approach
This study presents the formulation and optimization of a silver nanogel incorporating Indigofera aspalathoides extract (IAE) for potential wound healing applications. The nanogel was synthesized using the precipitation method, maintaining constant amounts of IAE and aqueous solution while varying the carbopol concentration (1–2% w/v) as the gelling agent. A Central Composite Rotatable Design was employed to optimize the formulation, followed by comprehensive physicochemical characterization. The nanogel's in vitro drug release profile, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, viscosity, pH, homogeneity, and stability studies were conducted. The optimized formulation exhibited a yellowish-brown appearance, with a pH of 5.8 ± 0.2, viscosity of 9412 cP, and a particle size of 98 nm with a PDI of 0.204, indicating uniform dispersion. The zeta potential was measured at –22 mV, suggesting moderate stability. In vitro release studies showed a cumulative drug release of 86.28% over 8 hours and 98.06 % over 24 hrs. Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the spherical morphology of the nanoparticles. These results indicate that the IAE-loaded silver nanogel demonstrates favorable physicochemical properties and a controlled drug release profile, suggesting its potential as an effective topical delivery system for wound healing. Future studies should focus on in vivo evaluations, long-term stability, and clinical trials to further validate its therapeutic efficacy and safety.
Impact of Telemedicine on Patient Care in India
Telemedicine has transformed healthcare delivery in India, addressing challenges of accessibility, cost, and quality in la diverse and densely populated nation. This review examines telemedicine’s impact on patient care, focusing on its role in enhancing access, improving health outcomes, reducing costs, and overcoming barriers in India. Drawing from peer-reviewed studies and practitioner insights, the article highlights applications in chronic disease management, mental health, maternal care, and infectious diseases, with examples like eSanjeevani and SCARF telepsychiatry programs. Benefits include reduced travel costs, improved care continuity, and increased access for rural populations. However, challenges such as digital literacy, internet connectivity, and regulatory gaps persist. Practitioner opinions underscore telemedicine’s potential to reduce COVID-19 risks and streamline workflows, though concerns about legal liabilities and diagnostic accuracy remain. Two figures illustrate telemedicine workflows and adoption trends, and a table summarizes key Indian applications. The review advocates for policy reforms, infrastructure improvements, and culturally tailored solutions to ensure equitable telemedicine access. Future research should focus on cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes to strengthen telemedicine’s role in India’s healthcare system.
A Comprehensive Review of Pharmacognostic Techniques for theIdentification and Standardization of Herbal Drugs
The global resurgence in the use of herbal medicines underscores the need for rigorous scientific validation and standardization of plant-based products. Pharmacognosy, a critical discipline within pharmaceutical sciences, offers a systematic framework for the identification, authentication, and quality assessment of medicinal plants through morphological, anatomical, physicochemical, and phytochemical analyses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of classical and modern pharmacognostic techniques used in the standardization of herbal drugs. Initial macroscopic and organoleptic evaluations, followed by detailed microscopic analysis including powder and tissue microscopy, are foundational in determining authenticity. Physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values, and moisture content play a vital role in detecting adulteration and ensuring quality. Advanced techniques such as chromatography (TLC, HPTLC, HPLC), spectroscopy (UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR), and DNA barcoding have significantly enhanced the precision of plant identification and metabolite profiling. The integration of molecular tools with traditional pharmacognostic practices further strengthens the quality control process, facilitating the development of standardized herbal formulations. Challenges such as regional variability, environmental influences, and lack of uniform global standards persist, yet emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, metabolomics, and portable diagnostic tools offer promising solutions. This review emphasizes the importance of combining multidisciplinary approaches to ensure the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of herbal medicines, promoting their acceptance in mainstream healthcare systems worldwide.
Determination of Lethal Concentrations of Profenofos and Azadirachtin on Labeo Rohita and Analysis of Electrolyte Imbalance Following Sub-Lethal Exposure
This study explores the acute and sub-lethal toxic effects of two commonly used pesticides—Profenofos (an organophosphate) and Azadirachtin (a biopesticide)—on the freshwater fish Labeo rohita. The 96-hour LC₅₀ values were determined through controlled laboratory exposures, revealing Profenofos to be suggestively more toxic (0.08 mg/L) than Azadirachtin (50.0 mg/L). Sub-lethal exposures at 50% of LC₅₀ concentrations over 96 hours and 28 days were shown to assess their effect on fish electrolyte balance. Measurements of sodium, potassium, and calcium levels indicated a progressive decline, with Profenofos causing more severe disturbances compared to Azadirachtin. These findings suggest that even low concentrations of these pesticides can harm osmoregulation and physiological stability in aquatic organisms. The study highlights the ecological risks associated with pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems and the need for regulatory analysis on pesticide usage near freshwater bodies.
Profenofos, Azadirachtin, sub-lethal toxicity, electrolyte imbalance, pesticide pollution, aquatic toxicology.
Therapeutic Implication of the Transdermal Patches in Treatment of the Chronic Diseases
The evolving landscape of drug delivery systems has ushered in innovative approaches that transcend the limitations of conventional routes. Among these, transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as a promising platform, offering a non-invasive and patient-compliant alternative for the management of chronic diseases. This review aims to explore the therapeutic implications of transdermal patches, particularly focusing on their role in ensuring sustained drug release, improving pharmacokinetics, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the design, types, mechanisms, and clinical applications of transdermal patches in the treatment of long-term conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, hormonal imbalances, and chronic pain. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these systems minimize first-pass metabolism, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient adherence—factors crucial in managing chronic illnesses that require consistent therapeutic levels over prolonged durations. Recent advancements such as microneedle-enhanced delivery, iontophoresis, and nanoparticle-incorporated patches have significantly broadened the scope of TDDS, enabling the delivery of large molecules, peptides, and biologics. This review also discusses the selection criteria for polymers and permeation enhancers, challenges in skin permeability, and regulatory considerations involved in the development of transdermal systems. TDDS represent a transformative strategy in chronic disease management by offering controlled, targeted, and safe drug delivery. Their growing relevance in personalized medicine and potential integration with smart wearable technologies make them a focal point in future pharmaceutical innovation and clinical practice.
Transdermal patches, Therapeutic efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Personalized medicines, Chronic disease etc.
Smart Polymers in Controlled Drug Release: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
Smart polymers, also referred to as stimuli-responsive polymers, represent a transformative class of materials in the field of drug delivery. These polymers have the unique ability to undergo reversible or irreversible physical and chemical changes in response to external or internal stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, enzymes, and redox conditions. Their adaptability enables precise temporal and spatial control over drug release, which is especially advantageous in targeting diseased tissues while minimizing systemic side effects. Controlled drug delivery systems based on smart polymers offer significant improvements over conventional approaches by enhancing bioavailability, prolonging circulation time, and providing site-specific action. Recent advances in polymer synthesis, nanotechnology, and biomedical engineering have led to the development of sophisticated delivery platforms such as hydrogels, micelles, dendrimers, and nanogels that respond to biological uses. This review discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and architectural diversity of smart polymers, as well as their clinical applications in oncology, diabetes, infection control, and neurological diseases. Current challenges and future perspectives in clinical translation and regulatory approval are also addressed, highlighting the potential of smart polymers to revolutionize personalized drug delivery strategies.
Recent Trends and Technological Advances in Pharmacological Research: A Review
The landscape of pharmacological research has undergone a transformative evolution with the integration of cutting-edge technologies and interdisciplinary approaches. Traditional drug discovery methods are increasingly being supplemented—or even replaced—by advanced pharmacological techniques that offer higher precision, speed, and efficiency. This review presents a comprehensive overview of emerging tools and methodologies shaping modern pharmacology, with a focus on their applications in drug discovery and development. High-throughput screening (HTS) and automation have revolutionized early-stage drug screening, enabling the rapid assessment of large chemical libraries. Computational pharmacology, including molecular docking, QSAR modeling, and AI-driven simulations, plays a vital role in target identification and optimization. Concurrently, omics technologies—genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—are facilitating a systems-level understanding of disease mechanisms and patient-specific drug responses. Innovations in drug delivery, particularly nanotechnology-based systems and gene-editing vectors, are enhancing therapeutic precision and efficacy. The use of 3D cell cultures and organoids is providing more physiologically relevant models for pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies. Moreover, the integration of big data analytics and artificial intelligence is optimizing every phase of pharmacological research, from discovery to post-marketing surveillance. Despite these advancements, challenges related to ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and data reliability persist. This review highlights the transformative impact of these novel techniques and underscores the need for continued innovation, collaboration, and regulatory alignment to fully realize their potential in improving healthcare outcomes.
Integrating Computational and Experimental Approaches in 21st Century Drug Design
Drug design has evolved significantly in the 21st century, driven by rapid advancements in computational power, artificial intelligence, and experimental techniques. This review explores the synergistic integration of computational and experimental methodologies in modern drug design and their transformative impact on pharmaceutical research and development. The process of drug discovery, traditionally reliant on trial-and-error and serendipitous findings, has been revolutionized by structure-based and ligand-based computational strategies. Techniques such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, pharmacophore modeling, and quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) have accelerated lead identification and optimization. Additionally, machine learning and deep learning are now being harnessed to predict drug-target interactions, optimize pharmacokinetic properties, and design novel compounds with high specificity and minimal toxicity. On the experimental front, high-throughput screening, fragment-based drug discovery, and structural biology tools like X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy have enriched the drug design process. The integration of these approaches ensures a more rational and efficient workflow—from virtual screening and in silico ADMET prediction to in vitro and in vivo validation. This convergence has led to the development of several successful therapeutic agents in recent years, illustrating the potential of a multidisciplinary strategy. The review also discusses emerging trends such as personalized medicine, systems biology, and the incorporation of omics data, which are poised to further refine drug design. By bridging computational predictions with experimental validation, the future of drug discovery promises to be more precise, cost-effective, and patient-centric.
A Compherensive Overview of Cosmeceuticals Used as Skincare Product
In recent years, cosmeceuticals have emerged as a dynamic hybrid between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, offering not only aesthetic enhancement but also therapeutic benefits for various skin conditions. This review highlights the cutting-edge advancements in cosmeceuticals used in skincare, with a particular focus on novel bioactive ingredients, innovative delivery systems, and personalized approaches. The evolution of cosmeceutical science has been significantly influenced by breakthroughs in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and molecular dermatology, leading to the development of highly stable and effective formulations that penetrate deeper skin layers with greater precision. Emerging compounds such as peptides, growth factors, botanical antioxidants, and marine-derived actives have shown promising results in anti-aging, pigmentation correction, acne management, and barrier repair. Moreover, nanocarriers like liposomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and dendrimers have revolutionized delivery systems, ensuring targeted and controlled release of active agents. This paper also explores the integration of omics technologies and artificial intelligence in designing personalized skincare regimens based on genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Consumer demand for sustainable, cruelty-free, and "clean label" formulations has further fueled innovation in natural and plant-based cosmeceuticals. The future of skincare lies in multifunctional cosmeceuticals that blend efficacy with safety, supported by rigorous scientific validation and regulatory compliance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements and sets the foundation for future research, highlighting the immense potential of cosmeceuticals as a cornerstone in modern dermatological care.
Bioactive ingredients, Botanical antioxidant, Molecular dermatology, Pigmentation, Skincare.
The Role of Investigational New Drugs Applications in Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of New Drug Molecules
The demand for effective and adaptable authorization processes increased as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic's extraordinary global health catastrophe, which altered regulatory frameworks for drug development. In order to guarantee the safety and scientific integrity of experimental treatments, the Investigational New Drug (IND) application has long been a vital entry point for clinical trials in the US. However, the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) mechanism offered a supplemental regulatory tool to enable the quick deployment of potentially life-saving medical measures during public health emergencies, like the COVID-19 pandemic. The complex relationship between IND filings and EUA approvals is highlighted in this review, which also shows how early-phase IND data was crucial in facilitating EUA decisions for important medications and vaccines. In addition to discussing how these data sets were repurposed to meet EUA standards under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and international agencies, the paper examines the structural framework of the IND process, including preclinical data, manufacturing quality, and clinical trial protocols. Remdesivir, monoclonal antibodies, and mRNA-based vaccines are notable examples of case studies that highlight the importance of IND-backed data in bolstering EUA approvals under COVID-19. The study assesses the effects on future disaster preparedness of regulatory flexibilities used during the pandemic, including adaptive trial designs, rolling reviews, and the utilization of real-world evidence. In the context of rapid authorizations, ethical factors such as informed consent, data openness, and public trust are also investigated. By proposing the creation of a hybrid IND-EUA paradigm to expedite future responses to global health issues, these offer a forward-looking viewpoint. Stakeholders can improve the responsiveness, safety, and effectiveness of future drug approval pathways during emergencies by taking lessons from the regulatory agility seen during COVID-19.
Drug development, Investigational New Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Ethical considerations, COVID-19, etc.
A Cross-sectional Study of Pharmacist Preferences and Recommendations for Natural Product Brands
This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of different brands of natural products used and recommended by pharmacists. The increasing consumer interest in natural products underscores the need to understand pharmacists’ preferences and recommendations, which influence consumer choices. A survey was administered to 100 pharmacists, employing a structured questionnaire with 25 closed-ended and multiple-choice questions. Of these, 12 questions gathered demographic data, while the remaining explored pharmacists’ usage and recommendations of natural product brands. The survey method allowed for comprehensive data collection across different age groups and professional backgrounds, with all participants completing an identical English-language paper questionnaire. Statistical analysis, conducted using MS Excel, revealed that 65% of respondents were male and 90% were self-employed. Dabur products were most frequently used and recommended, especially honey (35%) and Chyawanprash (45%), followed by Zandu, Baidyanath, Himalaya, and Patanjali brands, each favored for specific products. The findings highlight significant brand preferences among pharmacists, reflecting broader trends in the natural products market.
AI in Personalized Medicines: Opportunities and Challenges
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in personalized medicine has revolutionized healthcare by enabling precise, data-driven, and patient-specific treatment strategies. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling personalized medicine and improving disease diagnosis. AI-powered algorithms, particularly those leveraging machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), have enhanced the ability to analyse vast datasets, uncover hidden patterns, and generate predictive models that facilitate early disease detection, drug discovery, and customized treatment regimens. Emerging technologies such as explainable AI (XAI) aim to enhance transparency in decision-making, allowing physicians and patients to better understand AI-generated recommendations. The convergence of AI with other innovations, such as blockchain for secure data management and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) for real-time patient monitoring, further strengthens its role in personalized medicine. In 2019, the International Consortium for Personalised Medicine (ICPerMed) developed a vision on how the use of personalized medicine (PM) approaches will promote “next-generation” medicine in 2030 more firmly centred on the individual’s personal characteristics, leading to improved health outcomes within sustainable healthcare systems through research, development, innovation, and implementation for the benefit of patients, citizens, and society. This includes engagement strategies, collaboration frameworks, infrastructure development, education and training programs, ethical considerations, resource allocation guidelines, regulatory compliance, and data management and privacy. This paper explores the transformative potential of AI in personalized medicine, analysing its key applications, limitations, and future prospects. A thorough examination of current AI-driven methodologies, case studies, and policy considerations will provide a holistic understanding of the evolving landscape.
Personalized Medicine, ICPerMed, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning.
GC-MS Analysis of Methanolic And N-Hexane Extracts of Freshly Harvested Sclerotia of King Tuber Mushroom (Pleurotus Tuber-Regium (Fr.) Sing.)
King tuber mushroom (Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Sing.) is a macro-fungus, found in the tropics with edible mycelia that serve as underground storage tubers known as sclerotia. The sclerotia grows on decaying wood in the forest, collected by farmers used food, food additives and medicine by trado-medical practitioners in the treatment of stomach ailments, fever, asthma, smallpox, high blood pressure, and cancer. The aim of this research was to identify and quantify compounds with nutritional and health promoting benefits that are present in the methanolic and n-hexane extracts of freshly harvested sclerotia of King tuber mushroom, in order to determine its health benefit claims by trado-medical practitioners. Methanolic and n-hexane extracts of freshly harvested sclerotia were used for chromatography – mass spectrophotometric (GC-MS) analysis. Standard GC-MS conditions for analysis were employed and compounds found in extracts were matched with that of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference library database. GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract revealed the presence of six (6) compounds, which included hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (24.57%) a derivative of palmitic acid, with antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic properties; 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid [-z-z] methyl ester (8.48%) that is a derivative of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid; α-tocospiro A and B (9.40%), with anti-cancer activity. The GC-MS results n-hexane extract showed the presence of eight (8) compounds, which also included hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (12.41%); 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid [-z-z] methyl ester (8.42%); 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, (33.33%) a derivative of oleic acid, with LDL lowering effect and anti-hypertensive property; heptadecanoic acid-16- methyl- methyl ester (10.12%) and 2-methyl-7-phenylindole (8.75%), with anti-cancer activity. Freshly harvested sclerotia of King tuber mushrooms (Pleurotus tuber-regium) contain health beneficial compounds, which may explain its health benefit claims by trado-medical practitioners. These health promoting compounds could be used in the discovery and development of new drugs.
Mushroom, Pleurotus tuber-regium, GC-MS, medicinal properties
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Anthocephalus chinensis’s Fruit
Anthocephalus Chinensis represents an evergreen medicinal tree found in the Rubiaceae family with noted therapeutic effects against fever alongside anemia diabetes and leprosy and additional diseases. Although many studies confirm the medicinal properties of the Anthocephalus Chinensis root, bark and leaves scientists have yet to conduct extensive research on its fruit properties. The purpose of this review is to provide updated extensive data about the phytochemical and pharmacological work on Anthocephalus Chinensis fruits which confirms its notable therapeutic benefits through its rich range of secondary metabolites. Evidence reveals that the fruit extract holds substantial phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins which enable high antimicrobial and antioxidant actions through minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.875 mg/ml against particular bacterial strains. The traditional medicinal properties of this plant stem from its ability to demonstrate multiple therapeutic effects such as wound healing together with anti-inflammatory response and anti-diabetic process. The identification of compounds like cadambagenic acid and β-sitosterol further reinforces its promise as a natural alternative to synthetic medications.
Anthocephalus Chinensis, Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Properties
Ethnopharmacological Insights and Therapeutic Potential of Ficus infectoria
Ficus infectoria (commonly known as Paakar) is a medicinal plant native to India and holds a significant place in traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Its therapeutic applications are deeply rooted in ethnomedicine, where various parts of the plant, such as leaves, bark, roots, and fruits, are used to treat ailments such as diarrhea, ulcers, skin disorders, and diabetes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the ethnopharmacological significance, phytochemical composition, and therapeutic potential of Ficus infectoria. The plant is known to possess a wide array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and terpenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. Modern pharmacological studies have validated many of its traditional uses, while also uncovering new avenues for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, its role in promoting sustainable healthcare and its potential for drug development are discussed. This article also identifies research gaps and highlights the need for advanced studies, such as clinical trials and mechanism-based investigations, to further explore the medicinal value of Ficus infectoria. By bridging the knowledge between traditional and modern medicine, this review aims to provide a foundation for future research and encourage the integration of this indigenous plant into mainstream therapeutic practices.
Ficus infectoria, Paakar, Ethnopharmacology, Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants
Insight of Herbal Veterinary Medicines: A Review Article
Herbal veterinary medicines have gained significant attention as an alternative and complementary approach to animal healthcare. This provides a comprehensive review of the historical use, pharmacognosy, and therapeutic applications of herbal medicines in veterinary practice. It explores the classification of medicinal plants, their active constituents, and the pharmacological actions that make them suitable for treating a range of conditions in animals. The study also addresses the formulation and dosage challenges unique to veterinary medicine, emphasizing species-specific considerations and the need for precise dosage calculations. Regulatory frameworks and quality control measures are discussed to highlight the importance of standardization in ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal products. Furthermore, the chapter reviews clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of herbal treatments and discusses potential adverse effects and toxicity concerns. Future trends in the integration of herbal medicines with conventional veterinary practices and areas for further research are also identified. By advancing knowledge in this area, pharmacy students can contribute to the responsible and innovative use of herbal medicines in veterinary care.
Herbal medicine, therapeutic application, veterinary medicine, pharmacological action, etc.
Exploring the role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Symbiotics in the management of neurodegenerative disease
The progressive nature of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, poses major worldwide health issues with few available treatments. Recent research indicates that the gut microbiota is essential for controlling neuroinflammation and brain function, affecting the pathophysiology of many diseases. Probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics are investigated in this review as prospective innovative therapeutic approaches for treating neurodegenerative illnesses. Probiotics are microorganisms that help in boosting the host's health. They have demonstrated promise in altering the makeup of the gut microbiota, lowering systemic inflammation, and enhancing cognitive abilities. Prebiotics are indigestible dietary ingredients that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. By encouraging the production of neuroprotective metabolites, prebiotics help to preserve the balance of the gut-brain axis. To optimize and restore the balance of the gut microbiota and produce neuroprotective benefits, symbiotics—a synergistic blend of probiotics and prebiotics—offer an integrated strategy. Recent preclinical and clinical investigations critically assess the processes by which these biotic therapies influence neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors. Although initial results are encouraging, more thorough research is necessary to identify the best strains, doses, and delivery techniques before using these biotic-based treatments in clinical settings. Comprehending the unique microbiome profiles of individuals and their correlation with neurodegenerative disease pathways will also be essential for tailoring these treatment approaches. Overall, the field of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics has great promise for treating neurodegenerative illnesses. These supplements may provide novel, non-invasive ways to treat patients and enhance their quality of life.
Gut Microbiota, Homeostasis, Microbiome, Neuroinflammation, Systemic inflammation, etc.
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning in Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders: A Review
The advent of AI and ML in healthcare has led to a complete metamorphosis in how we diagnose, treat, and manage CVDs. To illustrate how AI/ML might influence patient benefit and clinical workflow optimization, this review explores the most recent developments and the recent clinical implementations on treating CVD. AI and ML technology assist in risk evaluation, early diagnosis, and personalized cure protocols by employing adept algorithms and data analytics. These include predictive models that can analyze vast amounts of clinical data for patterns and predictive cues that are not readily apparent to human practitioners. These systems further optimize treatment plans and decrease diagnostic error rates. Despite these promising findings, there are still many hurdles before AI/ML can hit clinical primetime. Specific limits mainly concern data privacy, the need for extensive validation studies, and the demand for interdisciplinary work. Beyond heralding the transformative power of AI and ML in cardiovascular medicine, this study calls for a comprehensive approach that considers the legal, ethical, and logistical barriers to tipping the balance in favor of implementing these technologies to enhance patient care. Because cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a major cause of death globally, new strategies for better diagnosis, care, and treatment are required. Both machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have become potent instruments for improving clinical decision-making, tailoring treatment, and forecasting the course of diseases. The application of AI and ML in CVDs is examined in this study, with particular attention paid to real-time monitoring via wearable technology, risk stratification using predictive models, and early identification with sophisticated imaging. ML-based drug discovery speeds up the identification of new therapeutic targets, while AI-driven algorithms allow for increased accuracy in the diagnosis of arrhythmias, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Problems are also covered, such as algorithm openness and data privacy. The use of AI and ML has enormous potential to transform cardiovascular treatment and enhance patient outcomes.
Metamorphosis, Implementations, Personalized cures, Validations, Data Analytics, etc.
A Comprehensive Overview on Quality by Design in Pharmaceutical Industries
Pharmaceutical has vast areas of formulation and development which design different formulations for different disease conditions and their treatment. Each product developed in the pharmaceutical has to pass the standard prescribed in the monographs. QbD plays an important role in drug product development that is very important because it ensures the stability, safety, and quality of the product. The product quality should be best so that it has per patient compliance. QbD ensures all the safety procedures in the industries that make the stable and good quality and validate the procedure. It also helps in the design of the product and its procedures. It controls all the manufacturing processes and understanding that develops the best quality product. Its modern approach in the pharmaceuticals which aims to develop and design a quality product using its manufacturing process that is intended to deliver constantly and shows good performance. Quality by Design (QbD) is a methodical approach to drug development that emphasizes comprehending and managing the production process to guarantee constant product quality. Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), Critical Material Attributes (CMAs), and Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) are all identified in this examination, which offers a thorough summary of QbD concepts. It talks about how to optimize pharmaceutical formulations and manufacturing processes by using risk assessment tools, Design of Experiments (DoE), and multivariate analysis. It is emphasized how important regulatory guidelines—like those provided by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q8–Q11—are to maintaining compliance and improving product lifecycle management. Additionally, the study examines how QbD might enhance product effectiveness, lower variability, and speed up regulatory approvals. The difficulties in putting QbD into practice, such as the lack of resources and the complexity of data processing, are also discussed. Insights into the strategic application of QbD to improve pharmaceutical product development and production are the goal of this research.
Diseases condition, Design, Monographs, Pharmaceuticals, Quality by Design, etc.
A Review on The Recent Advancement in Plant Based Medicines
The field of herbal pharmacy has undergone significant advancements in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for natural remedies and the growing body of scientific research supporting their efficacy. This chapter explores the innovative trends in herbal pharmacy, focusing on new methodologies for the extraction, formulation, and standardization of herbal medicines. Recent technological advancements, such as nanoencapsulation, biotechnological approaches, and 3D printing, have enabled the development of novel herbal dosage forms with enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery, and improved patient compliance. Additionally, the chapter discusses the role of modern analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), in ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal products. The potential for herbal medicines to address unmet medical needs, particularly in the treatment of chronic diseases and in the management of complex conditions like cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders, is also highlighted. Furthermore, the chapter examines the regulatory challenges and the importance of evidence-based practices in herbal pharmacy. By bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific innovations, this chapter offers insights into the future of herbal pharmacy as a key component of integrative medicine, emphasizing the need for continued research, education, and standardization to support the safe use of herbal medicines in clinical practice.
Liposomes as Delivery Vectors for Proteins and Peptides: Advancements and Challenges
Liposomal drug delivery systems (LDDS) represent a promising approach for delivery of proteins and peptides, as these systems protect the sensitive biomolecules from degradation, provide controlled release, and improve their bioavailability. Liposome can be prepared by various methods such as thin film hydration method, extrusion, reverse phase evaporation, sonication, microfluidic technology, dehydration and rehydration method, co-extrusion with lipid and protein solution, electrostatic method etc. Various novel excipients play a crucial role for the formulation of liposomes containing protein and peptides. Characterization of the formulated liposomal formulation is important aspect and various parameters such as stability, zeta potential, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, morphology assessment etc. are assessed for assuring the quality. There are various therapeutic purposes of liposomes such as cancer therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, vaccine and immunotherapy, hormone and peptide therapy and gene therapy. Modern pharmaceutics have experienced various advances in the delivery of protein and peptides through liposomal formulation creating potential opportunities for protein and peptide scientist in future.
Effect of Variation of Concentration of Film Forming Polymer and Superdisintegrating Agent on Release Profile of Mouth Dissolving Film of Telmisartan
Mouth dissolving films offer the extensive range of benefits and among them patient compliance and easiness for taking the drug without water are the superior one. For the formation of the mouth dissolving films different material can be used such as film forming polymer, superdisintegrants, saliva stimulating agents, surfactants or wetting agents, buffering agents, plasticizers etc. Combination of these agents at suitable concentration helps in the formation of mouth dissolving film of required quality. Role of the superdisintegrants is considered crucial. Higher concentration of superdisintegrant contributes for the better release profile whereas the lower concentration of superdisintegrant hinders the release pattern of drug from the mouth dissolving film. Similarly, Higher amount/concentration of polymer hinders the release pattern whereas the lower amount of the plasticizer enhance the release pattern of the drug as the higher concentration leads to the gel formation thus affecting the drug release. Thus optimum formulation containing high concentration of super disintegrating agent and minimum concentration of the polymers for film formation shows the better outcome.
Role of Artifical Intelligence in Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance (PV) focuses on detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure drug safety. As the pharmaceutical industry grows, traditional methods, such as clinical trials and manual reporting, are challenged by the increasing complexity of data. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as promising tools to enhance PV by automating processes, improving signal detection, and analysing vast datasets. AI can identify hidden safety signals, predict risks, and streamline case processing, reducing the workload and enhancing efficiency. Integrating AI into PV involves careful attention to data quality, compliance, and transparency. Future advancements, such as deep learning, real-time pharmacovigilance platforms, and multi-modal data integration, will further improve predictive modelling and drug safety monitoring. Despite the challenges of data complexity and privacy concerns, AI’s role in PV continues to expand, offering new opportunities to safeguard public health and improve patient outcomes. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming pharmacovigilance, the science of monitoring the safety of medications. Traditional methods of detecting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) rely on spontaneous reporting systems, which can be slow and underreport ADRs. AI enhances these processes by enabling more efficient data analysis and improving signal detection. One key application of AI in pharmacovigilance is the use of machine learning algorithms to analyse vast amounts of data from diverse sources, including electronic health records, social media, and clinical trial databases. These algorithms can identify patterns and correlations that may indicate potential safety issues, allowing for faster and more accurate identification of ADRs. Natural language processing (NLP) is another critical AI component that facilitates the extraction of relevant information from unstructured data. By analysing physician notes, patient reports, and online discussions, NLP can uncover insights that traditional methods might overlook, thereby enriching the understanding of a drug’s safety profile.AI can also support risk assessment by predicting potential safety issues based on historical data. Predictive analytics models can forecast the likelihood of adverse events, enabling proactive risk management strategies. Moreover, AI streamlines reporting processes by automating the data entry and compliance checks, reducing the administrative burden on healthcare professionals. This increased efficiency not only speeds up the reporting cycle but also enhances data quality, ensuring that regulators receive timely and accurate information. In summary, AI significantly enhances pharmacovigilance by improving data analysis, accelerating signal detection, and facilitating risk assessment. As AI technologies continue to evolve, their integration into pharmacovigilance practices is likely to lead to more robust drug safety monitoring systems, ultimately contributing to better patient outcomes and enhanced public health safety.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Artificial Intelligence, Signal Detection, Pharmacovigilance, Healthcare Professionals, etc.
Evolving Pharmaceutical Approaches in Epilepsy: From Mechanisms to Medication
In today’s fast-paced society, people are under a variety of stressors, and many suffer from neurological problems. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, affecting over 50 million individuals worldwide, with 90% of instances happening in poor nations. Genetic factors, brain infections, strokes, tumors, and high fevers can all produce the condition. Epilepsy puts a huge economic load on healthcare systems and is frequently associated with stigma and discrimination, affecting not just patients but also their families in a variety of settings such as the community, employment, school, and home. Many individuals with epilepsy endure severe emotional distress, behavioral issues, and significant social isolation. Seizures can occur due to a variety of causes and mechanisms, the most common of which are neuronal hyperexcitability and neural circuit hypersynchrony. Several mechanisms alter the balance of excitation and inhibition, resulting in increased neuronal excitability and hypersynchrony in specific or extensive areas of the brain. This review will look at the history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, categorization, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy.
Epilepsy, Epidemiology, Hypersynchrony, Hyperexcitability, Neurological disorders, Seizure, etc.
3D Printing in Pharmaceutics: Revolutionizing Drug Formulation and Manufacturing
3D printing has emerged as a transformative technology in pharmaceutical sciences, offering unprecedented opportunities for innovation in drug formulation and manufacturing. This review explores the applications, benefits, and challenges associated with integrating 3D printing into pharmaceutics. Various 3D printing technologies, including fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and binder jet printing, are discussed, highlighting their potential to create complex dosage forms, personalized medicines, and combination therapies. These technologies enable precise control over drug release profiles, dosage customization, and the development of formulations for poorly soluble drugs. Despite its significant promise, the adoption of 3D printing in pharmaceuticals faces challenges such as regulatory approval, scalability for mass production, and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional manufacturing methods. The article reviews current successes, such as the FDA-approved 3D-printed drug Spritam®, and examines ongoing advancements in materials science and computational tools that are poised to address these challenges. Ethical and environmental considerations, including patient accessibility and sustainability of printing materials, are also discussed. Looking ahead, the integration of artificial intelligence and 3D bioprinting technologies offers exciting possibilities, such as creating biologics, orphan drugs, and personalized therapies. This review underscores the transformative potential of 3D printing in redefining drug formulation and manufacturing, paving the way for a future of highly tailored and efficient pharmaceutical solutions.
3D printing, Pharmaceutical formulations, Personalized medicine, Additive manufacturing, Drug delivery systems.